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Objective:To construct a cognitive training program suitable for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy, so as to effectively slow down the cognitive decline of patients with mild cognitive impairment.Methods:Through searching the Chinese and English database literature of cognitive intervention from July 2000 to July 2020 and field visits to nursing homes, the draft intervention plan was formed. Two rounds of focus group interview were held to consult experts in cognitive impairment and geriatric care, etc., and to revise the intervention plan.Results:In the two rounds of focus group interview, the expert positive coefficient was 100%, the expert judgment basis was 0.84, the expert familiarity degree was 0.84, and the expert authority coefficient was 0.84. In the end, a 10-week cognitive intervention program targeting six cognitive domains -- "visuospatial/executive ability", "memory ability", "language ability", "attention ability", "abstract ability" and "naming ability" was formed, and the implementation steps of the program were improved.Conclusions:The construction process of cognitive training program for patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy theory is rigorous, scientific and feasible, and can be used to guide the cognitive training of patients with mild cognitive impairment.
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Objective:To explore the application effect of "blended learning + flipped classroom" in public elective courses for medical students, and provide reference for the blended construction of related courses.Methods:Totally 229 medical students were selected as research participants, who were taught by "blended learning + flipped classroom". After the courses, the curriculum evaluation questionnaires and focus group interview were used to collect students' evaluation of this course. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used to make descriptive statistics on the questionnaire data.Results:Totally 98.5% students preferred "blended learning + flipped classroom" teaching mode, and more than 93% students thought this teaching method could improve their learning interest, empathy, understanding and application of knowledge. The results of the qualitative survey extracted two themes, namely "improving learning autonomy" and "expanding comprehensive quality".Conclusion:Perfecting the "blended learning + flipped classroom" teaching mode of the medical public elective courses plays a positive role in improving the learning autonomy and comprehensive quality of medical students and optimizing the learning effect.
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This study investigated the social outcomes of the Environmental Health Studies of National Industrial Complex (EHSNIC), which have been conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in eight National Industrial Complex Areas (NICAs) since 2003. Eighteen sessions of focus-group interviews with 85 people were conducted from October 2016 to January 2017. Interviewees were stakeholders from eight NICAs and included resident representatives, environmental nongovernment organizations, local government officials, and environmental health and safety officers from companies. Interview results were divided into six categories: EHSNIC awareness, EHSNIC outcomes, EHSNIC limitations, EHSNIC continuation, EHSNIC improvement directions, and EHSNIC results use. They were then further indexed into 23 divisions. EHSNIC awareness varied across stakeholders. A major EHSNIC outcome is that a continued result database was established, which was used as a reference for environmental improvements. EHSNIC limitations included no proper healthcare actions taken during the EHSNIC study period, a lack of EHSNIC results disclosure, a failure to reflect local specificity, and a lack of validity in the results. Regarding EHSNIC continuation, all stakeholders said EHSNIC should be conducted continuously. EHSNIC improvement directions included conducting studies tailored to each NICA, identifying correlations between pollutant exposure and disease, increasing the sample size, and performing repeated studies. Regarding EHSNIC results use, respondents wanted to use the results as a reference to relocate residents, ensure distance between NICAs and residential areas, provide healthcare support, develop local government policies, and implement firms’ environmental controls. Since EHSNIC aims to identify the health effects of NICAs on residents and take appropriate actions, it should be continued in the future. Even during the study period, it is important to take steps to preventively protect residents’ health. EHSNIC also needs to reflect each NICA’s characteristics and conduct reliable research based on stakeholder participation and communication.
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Delivery of Health Care , Disclosure , Environmental Health , Local Government , Qualitative Research , Sample Size , Sensitivity and Specificity , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
This study investigated the social outcomes of the Environmental Health Studies of National Industrial Complex (EHSNIC), which have been conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in eight National Industrial Complex Areas (NICAs) since 2003. Eighteen sessions of focus-group interviews with 85 people were conducted from October 2016 to January 2017. Interviewees were stakeholders from eight NICAs and included resident representatives, environmental nongovernment organizations, local government officials, and environmental health and safety officers from companies. Interview results were divided into six categories: EHSNIC awareness, EHSNIC outcomes, EHSNIC limitations, EHSNIC continuation, EHSNIC improvement directions, and EHSNIC results use. They were then further indexed into 23 divisions. EHSNIC awareness varied across stakeholders. A major EHSNIC outcome is that a continued result database was established, which was used as a reference for environmental improvements. EHSNIC limitations included no proper healthcare actions taken during the EHSNIC study period, a lack of EHSNIC results disclosure, a failure to reflect local specificity, and a lack of validity in the results. Regarding EHSNIC continuation, all stakeholders said EHSNIC should be conducted continuously. EHSNIC improvement directions included conducting studies tailored to each NICA, identifying correlations between pollutant exposure and disease, increasing the sample size, and performing repeated studies. Regarding EHSNIC results use, respondents wanted to use the results as a reference to relocate residents, ensure distance between NICAs and residential areas, provide healthcare support, develop local government policies, and implement firms’ environmental controls. Since EHSNIC aims to identify the health effects of NICAs on residents and take appropriate actions, it should be continued in the future. Even during the study period, it is important to take steps to preventively protect residents’ health. EHSNIC also needs to reflect each NICA’s characteristics and conduct reliable research based on stakeholder participation and communication.
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Delivery of Health Care , Disclosure , Environmental Health , Local Government , Qualitative Research , Sample Size , Sensitivity and Specificity , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the feasibility of mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet. METHODS: We conducted in-depth and focus group interviews with eight laymen who had used mobile dietary applications and eight experts. Interviews were audio-recorded and analyzed using an open coding method. RESULTS: The qualitative data of our study revealed two key themes: (1) perceptions, opinions and attitudes towards mobile applications of self-monitoring of diet and (2) future directions to improve mobile applications. CONCLUSIONS: Our qualitative study suggested the potential use of mobile applications as a food-tracking and dietary monitoring tool and the need for improved mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet. The results of our study may provide insights into how to technically improve mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet, how to utilize dietary data generated through mobile applications, and how to improve individual's health though mobile applications.
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Clinical Coding , Diet , Focus Groups , Methods , Mobile ApplicationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the feasibility of mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet. METHODS: We conducted in-depth and focus group interviews with eight laymen who had used mobile dietary applications and eight experts. Interviews were audio-recorded and analyzed using an open coding method. RESULTS: The qualitative data of our study revealed two key themes: (1) perceptions, opinions and attitudes towards mobile applications of self-monitoring of diet and (2) future directions to improve mobile applications. CONCLUSIONS: Our qualitative study suggested the potential use of mobile applications as a food-tracking and dietary monitoring tool and the need for improved mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet. The results of our study may provide insights into how to technically improve mobile applications for self-monitoring of diet, how to utilize dietary data generated through mobile applications, and how to improve individual's health though mobile applications.
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Clinical Coding , Diet , Focus Groups , Methods , Mobile ApplicationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the indicators of ADR reporting by medical institutions in China. METHODS:The indicators of ADR reporting by medical institutions in China were presented primarily by 8 pharmacy experts with focus group interview method. System assessment method was used for evidence-based analysis of primary ADR indicators. Delphi method was used to confirm the requirement,calculation formula,definition,evaluation meaning and reference value of ADR indicators. The reliability was assessed. RESULTS:Primary indicators included the rate of ADR reporting,the rate of qualified ADR,constituent ratio of severe and new ADR. A total of 30 literatures were included(15 documents of management standard,15 literature research)in system evaluation,all of which indicated the necessity and requirement of ADR reporting. But the calculation formula, definition and evaluation meaning of ADR indicators were not mentioned. By investigation with Delphi method,the range of reference value was confirmed as follows that the rate of ADR reporting was≥0.01%;the rate of qualified ADR was≥90%;the constituent ratio of severe and new ADR was≥1%. The evaluation result was reliable. CONCLUSIONS:The indicators of ADR reporting and reference lower limit value can urge medical and health institutions to report ADR actively,improve the quality of ADR reporting and strengthen the attention of medical and health institutions to severe and new ADR.
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Introduction: We conducted a survey to examine the current state of objectives, evaluation, and issues related to the current clinical resident training system.Methods: We conducted focus group interviews using Skype software for qualitative analysis and classified the data using content analysis. The subjects were 20 experienced residents and/or attending physicians from the current and previous training systems.Results: The collective opinions were classified as positive, negative and neutral opinions with respect to ‘objectives', ‘evaluation' and ‘training program'.Discussion: The findings are expected to provide a basis for revising the current system.
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Objective To know about the reason of nursing students suffering workplace bullying. Method 25 interviewees were recruited by snowball sampling. The data were collected through the analysis of focus group interview. Results The interview data were analyzed by Colaizzi analysis method and three themes were extracted.They are the nursing students′own factors; organizational management factors;social and cultural factors. Conclusions According to the reasons for the nursing students suffered workplace bullying, formulating corresponding measures has an important role in improve the quality of clinical practice and the stability of nursing team.
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This study collected opinions about the design and management of toothbrushing facilities from schoolteachers and the people in charge of public centers, through a focus group interview (FGI), for the development of guidelines. Four moderators conducted eight FGIs of 32 subjects in charge of toothbrushing facilities across all the regions. The qualitative data was analyzed by constant comparative analysis. The findings indicated that more students utilized the facility and brushed their teeth after the installation of toothbrushing facilities. To enhance students' accessibility and safety, guidelines for design and management guidelinesfor toothbrushing facilities need to be developed; the location, sink height and depth, drain size, etc. should be comprehensively considered in the development of the guidelines. This study can help to improve students' satisfaction by enhancing the accessibility, safety, and functionality of toothbrushing facilities, and by providing fundamental data for toothbrushing facilities' development. Finally, this study can maximize the effects of management of toothbrushing facilities management on the improvement of students' oral health and behaviors.
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Humans , Dental Caries , Focus Groups , Oral Health , School Health Services , Tooth , ToothbrushingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Korea has high prescribing rate and rising antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to understand why primary physicians prescribe antibiotics for acute respiratory infections and to explore the factors that influence antibiotic resistance, and so to suggest strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory approach was used using 4 focus groups composed of physicians from different area. A semi-structured guide was applied in obtaining the physicians' opinions. Common themes were extracted by authors, which were used to gather results and draw conclusion. RESULTS: Participants acknowledged multiple factors such as clinical factor and competitive environment are involved in physicians' decision of antibiotic prescribing. They identified that causes of rising antibiotic resistance were shortage of information, discontinuation of taking antibiotics, and other system factors. CONCLUSION: Participants were certain that less prescribing antibiotics and selecting appropriate antibiotics might be method to reduce antibiotic resistance. To change the prescribing behavior, it should be provided periodically for community physicians with prescribing information and specific guidelines for antibiotics resistance. Patients should be also noticed about antibiotic medication information more accurately. Including prescription incentive policy, improvement of healthcare system will be carried out at the same time.
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Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Delivery of Health Care , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Focus Groups , Information Dissemination , Korea , Methods , Motivation , Prescriptions , Respiratory Tract InfectionsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Study purpose was to investigate perception on diet, diet problems and related factors among young adult women using focus group interviews (FGI) based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). METHODS: Eight groups of FGI were conducted with 47 female undergraduate or graduate students. Guide for FGI included questions regarding perception on optimal diet, diet problems and cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors of SCT. FGI were video, audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed by themes and sub-themes. RESULTS: Subjects showed irregular eating habits (skipping breakfast, irregular meal time) and selection of unhealthy foods as the main diet problems. Regarding cognitive factors related to optimal diet, subjects mentioned positive outcome expectations (e.g., health promotion, skin health, improvement in eating habits, etc.) and negative outcome expectations (e.g., annoying, hungry, expensive, taste). Factors that promoted optimal diet were mainly received from information from mobile or internet and access to menu or recipes. Factors that prevented optimal diet included influence from friends, lack of time and cooking skills. Behavioral factors for optimal diet included behavioral capability regarding snacks, healthy eating and smart food selection. Subjects mentioned mass media (mobile, internet, TV) as the influential physical environment, and significant others (parents, friends, grandparents) as the influential social environment in optimal diet. For education topics, subjects wanted to learn about healthy meals, basic nutrition, disease and nutrition, and weight control. They wanted to learn those aspects by using mobile or internet, lectures (cooking classes), campaign and events. CONCLUSIONS: Study results might be used for planning education regarding optimal diet for young adult women. Education programs need to focus on increasing positive outcome expectations (e.g., health) and behavioral capability for healthy eating and food selection, reducing negative outcome expectations (e.g., cost, taste) and barriers, making supportive environments for optimal diet, and incorporating topics and methods found in this study.
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Female , Humans , Young Adult , Breakfast , Cooking , Diet , Eating , Education , Focus Groups , Food Preferences , Friends , Health Promotion , Internet , Lecture , Mass Media , Meals , Skin , Snacks , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
Objective To explore the reason and influence of communication difficulties between oncology nurses and patients or families of patients,and to obtain some relevant advice about communication difficulties.Methods This study used focus group to interview 24 oncology nurses who were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University by homogeneous sampling method,and were randomly divided into three groups (8 in each group).The data were processed and analyzed by content analysis.Results The reasons why oncology nurses had communication difficulties with patients and their families were as follows:putting forward negative problems about their disease,ineffective communication and conflicts with patients,families.The communication difficulties showed negative effect on oncology nurses.Oncology nurses thought that the main reason of communication difficulties lied in the deficiency of institution and propounded the suggestion to resolve it.Conclusions oncology nurses were tend to have difficulty in communicating with patients and their families in the long-term work,especially in the period of crisis:early diagnosis of tumor stage,relapse,advanced cancer and some special dates (birthday,parties etc.).Therefore,oncology nurses,patients and their families need to be supported.To solve the difficulties of communication could reduce the negative emotions of patients and their family,such as anxiety,frustration,helplessness,so as to improve the quality of care and life of patients.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the clinical instructors' role experience in college of nursing. METHODS: Two focus group interviews were held with a total of 12 clinical instructors. All interviews were recorded and transcribed as they were spoken, and the collected data were analyzed using content analysis of Downe-Wamboldt(1992). RESULTS: Three themes and six subthemes were extracted from the analysis: 1) Getting recognition of special roles as a clinical instructor: 'Recognizing the role of clinical instructor for guiding student's individual practice goals', 'Recognizing helping and supporting roles for student's successful clinical practice', 2) Having difficulty in performing the role of clinical practice instructor: 'Difficulty from the lack of knowledge and experience as a clinical practice instructor', 'Difficulty from the gap between current clinical practice and purpose of clinical nursing practice', 3) Making efforts to overcome the difficulties as a clinical instructor and accomplishing personal development: 'Making efforts to acquire personal knowledge and experience', 'Making a chance to reflect on and grow up oneself'. CONCLUSION: Clinical instructors take an important part of clinical nursing education. To improve the quality of clinical nursing education, it is needed role reestablishment and institutional support for clinical instructors on the basis of the understanding of instructors' experience.
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Humans , Education, Nursing , Focus Groups , Nursing , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop nutrition education program for consumers to reduce sodium intake based on social cognitive theory (SCT). METHODS: The main factors of SCT related to low sodium diet were investigated by using focus group interview (FGI) with 30 women who participated in consumer organizations. RESULTS: The main target groups for the education program were housewives (H), parents (P), and the office workers (OW), for which we considered their influences on other people and the surroundings. According to the results of FGI, in carrying out low sodium diet, 'positive outcome expectation' were prevention of chronic disease and healthy dietary habit, and 'negative outcome expectation' were low palatability of foods, difficulty in cooking meals, and limited choice of foods. The contents of the program and education materials were individualized by each group to raise self-efficacy and behavioral capability, which reflected the results of the FGI. The program included 'salt intake and health' to raise positive outcome expectation. For improving the ability to practice low-sodium diet, the program contained the contents that focused on 'cooking' and 'food purchasing' for H, on 'purchasing and selection of low-sodium food with the children' for P, and on 'way of selecting restaurant menu' for OW. Also the program included 'way of choosing the low-sodium foods when eating out' with suggestions on sodium content of the dishes and snacks. Further, 'dietary guidelines to reduce sodium intake' was also suggested to help self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: This nutrition education program and education materials could be utilized for the community education and provide the basis for further consumer targeted education program for reducing sodium intake.
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Female , Humans , Chronic Disease , Consumer Organizations , Cooking , Diet , Diet, Sodium-Restricted , Eating , Education , Focus Groups , Feeding Behavior , Meals , Parents , Restaurants , Snacks , Sodium , Self-ControlABSTRACT
Objective To probe into learning experience of master of nursing specialist students during clinical practice,so as to provide some educational references for their clinical practice training.Methods Thirteen master of nursing specialist students from two universities in Chongqing were selected by homogenous sampling.The data were collected by focus group interview and analyzed by phenomenological procedures.Results The learning experience of master of nursing specialist students during clinical practice were obtained via evaluation on clinical learning and teaching.Conclusions It is important to explore appropriate teaching strategies,strengthen clinical teacher teams and establish a scientific clinical teaching management system during clinical practice of master of nursing specialist students.
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<B>Objective</B><BR>Despite the steady high prevalence of infectious diseases, Sri Lanka has an increasing awareness of lifestyle-related health diseases. To lower their risks in the future, making better lifestyle choices and establishing patterns of healthy behavior during young adulthood are essential. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore current issues of university students' health behaviors and their environments.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>The study was conducted in a university of the Central Province, Sri Lanka. Four graduate students in the Faculty of Medicine and three senior students in the Faculty of the Arts were interviewed in a focus group. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>The results yielded three core categories: little interests in health, unhealthy lifestyles, and lower usage of the Student Health Center. In addition, three major health problems were observed among the participants: eating habits, substance use, and mental health. Students had little paid attention to their health. It also showed passive participation on a health check-up. Additionally students' hidden risky behaviors were observed: alcohol intake and smoking. Mental health problem is one of the great health concerns among the students. Although the School Health Center was available, the gaps between its provisions of services and students' needs are an important issue.<BR><B>Discussion and Conclusion</B><BR>Students need to pay more attention on their health conditions and the importance of preventive health. Furthermore, to improve the current university health services, accessibility, usability, and students' needs should be carefully reviewed in the context of advocacy of preventive health behaviors.
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Health Belief Model is a socio-psychological theory of decision making to individual health-related behaviors. This study was aimed to develop an effective education program for hypertension based on health belief model. The main factors of health belief model were investigated by focus group interview (FGI) with 23 hypertensive or prehypertensive subjects aged over fifty years. 'Perceived susceptibility' to hypertension was family history, neglect of health care, preference for salty food, broth of soup and stew. Lifelong medication, complications, and medical costs were reported as 'perceived severity' of hypertension. 'Perceived benefits' of hypertension management were decrease of medicinal dose, reduction of medical costs, and healthy eating habits of the family, while 'perceived barriers' were lack of palatability of low salt diet, convenience-oriented dietary habits, and limited choice of foods when eating out. Subjects mentioned TV health programs, public health center programs, and advice from doctors and family as 'cues to action' of hypertension management. These qualitative information provided basis for developing a nutrition education program for hypertension which could be implemented in the public health center. Eight week program was composed of understanding hypertension, risk factor management (eating habits, weight), low salt diet (principles, cooking), advanced management for healthy diet in 2 sessions, and summary. Each session was designed to alert the susceptibility and severity, to emphasize the benefits, and to reduce the barriers by providing dietary monitoring, practical advice, and action tips.
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Aged , Humans , Decision Making , Delivery of Health Care , Diet , Eating , Focus Groups , Feeding Behavior , Hypertension , Public Health , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Our society is aging rapidly, and the number of elderly people who are in charge of purchasing and preparing foods at home is increasing. However, most the elderly have difficulty managing nutrition and food safety by themselves. The purpose of this study was to develop the necessary knowledge, through focus group interview and Delphi technique to establish a food safety and nutrition education program. The diet and educational needs of the elderly were surveyed through FGI. The education topics were decided by the Delphi technique. The education program consisted of a five week program, and the topics taught were 'Dietary Change for Healthy Life', 'Prevention of Food Poisoning in Everyday Life', 'Safe Food Handling for my Health', 'Healthy Dietary Life to Prevent Chronic Disease', and 'Safety! Nutrition! Healthy Dietary Life'. This education program was designed to decrease the perceived barriers, and to increase the perceived interests and the sense of self-efficacy. Education program materials, lesson plans, slides, handouts, videos, leaflets, and booklets were developed. Based on the results, the contents of the food safety guideline leaflets for the elderly were decided as the following: (1) wash your hands in the correct way; (2) select safe food; (3) cook foods safely; (4) keep foods safely; (5) keep kitchen utensils clean. In conclusion, if advanced education programs are implemented and delivered continuously in locations such as health centers and community welfare centers, those will contribute significantly to enhance the perception of food safety and to change the desirable dietary behavior of the elderly.
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Aged , Humans , Aging , Delphi Technique , Diet , Fees and Charges , Focus Groups , Food Handling , Food Safety , Foodborne Diseases , Hand , PamphletsABSTRACT
Hazardous chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals, are known as being harmful to human health were included in oils released by the Herbei Spirit Oil Spill accident in December 2007. To investigate changes of eating habits by the exposure to harmful substances, we conducted 5 focus group interviews for residents at Taean coast areas, who had experienced the oil spill accident. Participants included 46 women (mean age: 57.2 +/- 10.9) who were mainly responsible for preparing family meals. Focus group discussions were audio-taped, transcribed and categorized by themes. Participants expressed more frequent illness symptoms such as dizziness, vomiting, visual loss, and skin diseases after the accident. They mentioned that their worries about economic hardship and worsened health status since the accident induced mental problems, such as depression about their children. Regarding eating habits, participants reported less intakes of fishes and meats and relatively more intakes of vegetables and kimchi due to the lack of household incomes after the accident. Although the participants had been used to collecting or catching fish or shellfish for their consumption previously, they mainly purchased these foods from local markets after the accident. Changes of eating habits induced by the accident included drinking boiled water and having steamed or fried seafood rather than raw seafood. Changes of food intakes occurred less frequently in older adults due to their long-term fixed eating habits, although they felt uncomfortable for having raw fish. The findings of this study clearly present that the exposure of hazardous substances by the oil spill accident had a significant impact on changes in eating habits besides economic, physical, and mental problems among the residents in Taean. Continuous health and nutrition monitoring and support are needed.